Avoiding self-referential statements

Muscle test comparisons of congruent and incongruent self-referential statements.

This study investigated differences in values of manual muscle tests after exposure to congruent and incongruent semantic stimuli. Muscle testing with a computerized dynamometer was performed on the deltoid muscle group of 89 healthy college students after repetitions of congruent (true) and incongruent (false) self-referential statements. The order in which statements were repeated was control...

Avoiding referential ambiguity 1

Morphosyntactic and Referential Cues to the Identification of Generic Statements

Generic sentences (e.g., “birds lay eggs”) express generalizations about kinds, rather than facts about specific individuals or groups of individuals (e.g., “all birds lay eggs”). Generics are an important method of transmitting cultural knowledge, but because there is no unique marker of genericity, identifying whether a sentence is generic is a challenge. Here we investigated how morphosyntac...

Transformations between Self-Referential Sets

Self-Referential Definition of Orthogonality

There has for longer been an interest in finding equivalent conditions which define inner product spaces, and the respective literature is considerable, see for instance Amir, which lists 350 such results. Here, in this tradition, an alternative definition of orthogonality is presented which does not make use of any inner product. This definition, in the spirit of the recently developed non-wel...